Review of Literature
3.1 Introduction
Review of literature mainly means a researcher should know what to review and for what purpose. The main purpose of review is to gain background knowledge of the research topic, to identify the concepts relating to it, to identify data sources used by other researchers and to learn how others structured their reports. Sources of literature could be subject catalogues of libraries, documentation, services, bibliographies, lists of books and publisher’s bulletin, journals, government reports, research abstracts and information on research done.
Moreover, a proper plan is necessary as it what information should be included and what is not useful. Also how to produce material from what is gathered by reading is also another issue of concern. Note taking and making source cards is necessary.
3.2 origin of the word Bollywood and commercial films
According to Derek Bose in his book, “Brand Bollywood”, has introduced the origin of the word ‘Bollywood’. First the author goes on to tell how the word tollywood was coined. It was used to describe a certain kind of progressive cinema produced by Calcutta’s Tollgunge Studios. Also, how from Tollywood it became Mollywood for the film production in Madras, Lollywood in Lahore, Kollywood for Karachi and then Bollywood gained its popularity. The author says according to the oxford English Dictionary; it recognizes Bollywood as a colloquial representation of India’s popular film industry based in Mumbai- a blend of Bombay and Hollywood.
The book says in the chapter first day first show that the Indian film industry streams the market with 800 old releases every year, 90% of which do not survive beyond a week at the box office. It means that every few hours, everyday, somebody, somewhere launches a feature film in this country. About 300 or so remain stillborn. This is because of absence of distributors. Then the author goes on to compare Hollywood industry, which produces around 200 titles annually for the past several decades. Actors like Govinda and Anil Kapoor were doing as many as five shifts a day and Mahesh Bhatt acquired the distinction of being India’s first director by remote control his film became huge box office hits. But today everything has changed. Film actors have become directors. Moreover, times are gone when people used to watch films in theatres. Today, we can watch television at home, pick up a DVD or VCD or browse the internet. The industry can also derive its revenue from television, radio, internet, animation, music, mobile phones and so on.
One size fits all says the author. Films like Hum Aapke Hain Kaun, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Koi Mil Gaya and Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham cannot beat the jubilee hit like Sholay. The author says the producer should take care that following aspects are taken into consideration like honesty, narrative style, star line-up, elements of sex, bending the rules, financial prudence, publicity build-up, and creative accountability. Today there are digital cinemas, IMAX, animation, home videos; digital film making has changed the Bollywood industry.
Also HDTV, internet radio, digital audio led to rise of consuming classes. The book says that intention of every producer always is to play safe, recover costs and move on. But some feel that they run out of ideas. The problem could be resolved only if there are independent market research bodies advising producers on their projects since the very inception. But in the west, there are specialized consultancies run by marketing professionals who advise the studios at every stage on the dos and don’ts of making and distributing films. The role of market research is to influence the creation of a benchmark among the audience through a variety of means- Publicity material, launch announcements, official news releases and even feeding the gossip mills.
If content is king, distribution is God says Derek. The author says that Bollywood cinema is the only one that sells more tickets than any other country in the world. With the help of analyzing Hollywood’s recent experiences, we can change our approach to the business of film-making. In US, they have sequels of the lord of the ring, Spiderman, matrix reloaded. In the same way Bollywood film makers have made sequels. Every producer or director knows the best time to release a film on the weekend and during Diwali or Christmas holidays. Freebies like caps, t-shirts, dolls, toys all lead to boost of publicity budget. Moreover, there are online games plus home videos which amounts to overall revenue peak. Also not to forget online rentals and downloads.
The book also talks about the Bollywood film makers inspired by film in regional languages. A Hindi hit like Munnabhai MBBS (2003) gets made into Tamil as Vasool Raja MBBS (2004) and vice versa. Dubbing is another way to get revenue. Hollywood movies like Titanic (1997), Spiderman (2002) and Anaconda (1993) were dubbed into Hindi and 3 local languages. Film makers also play upon brands. Moreover, we have multiplexes today. News channel, children’s channels and regional channel also give publicity to films. Copyrights are given to radio regarding the music. This is how movies still become popular. Anti-piracy campaigns also help in creating awareness. Consumption is more when it comes to HDTV, Internet radio, broadband wireless service. Bollywood has realized its true potential with Hollywood actors acting in Bollywood and vice versa. The book concludes saying that Indian entertainment industry will be alive with moving times.
3.3 Regional films in India
According to John H Hood in his book “the essential mystery”- the major film makers of Indian art cinema says that the one impression of India that does not miss the mark is the widely perceived notion of it as a land of movie mania. The author says that India has the biggest film industry in the world, producing more than seven hundred films a year, most for its home market and also for the market throughout the world. The book says that Indians were exposed to the first motion pictures, from the French Lumiere brothers that were shown at Watson’s Hotel in Bombay in July 1896. Soon after this the new phenomenon spread through various agencies and to major cities and towns and in 1912 films started to be produced in India. Then the author moves on to tell that the earliest movie made in India was the legendary Dada SahebPhalke’s Raja Harishchandra, which was first seen in 1913. It was considered to be the first of a long list of highly successful mythologies and also the most prominent genre of the silent era, says Hood. The first sound film made in India, was Alam Ara (1931). With this more devotional films about great religious leaders were released such as Debaki Bose’s Chandidas (1932) and Vidyapati (1937).
The book also says that some of the best India’s films have dealt with subjects that have an immediacy that is especially- though not necessarily exclusively Indian. Hood says that many films that have urban contexts were mostly depicted with cars and western style of dress, architecture and furniture which would minimize the outward nature of Indianness, nevertheless often make their appeal primarily to an Indian audience in their representation of Indian problems in the light of Indian Values.
The author goes on to say that the art of cinema of India is sometimes referred to as Indian regional cinema, a somewhat unhappy term given the difficulty of determining as to what the precise meaning for ‘Regional’ is. The directors discussed in this book were from Kerala like GovindanAravindan and AdoorGopalakrishnan, both who made their films in their regional language, Malayalam. This is also true of RitwikGhatak, who made all his films in Bengali. Not to forget, ShyamBenegal and GovindNihalani who made their films in the national language, Hindi. Regional cinema says the author is probably better used as a term to describe the non-Hindi commercial cinema which derives from Madras, Trivandrum, Calcutta and other centers of popular movie making. 3.4 Film Analysis- My Name is Khan (2010)
Director- Karan Johar
The movie starts with the scene wherein Rizwan Khan (Shah Rukh Khan) is leaving to US. He suffers from Asperger’s syndrome, a type of Autism that makes him walk in a challenged manner. He wants to meet the president, therefore he goes to Washington. But he is frisked because he is a Muslim. Then they show the flashback, as a boy, Rizwan was given more attention than his brother (Jimmy Shergill). Therefore, as he grew up his brother started resenting him. Rizwan also lost his mother in the process. He always remembers his mothers words that his name is Khan and that he is not a terrorist. Therefore, he keeps repeating these words throughout the movie.
Rizwan and his brother and his wife go to America. There his brother owns a huge shop and his business is selling beauty products. He also asks Rizwan his younger brother to sell the beauty products. Even though Rizwan is autistic, his IQ level is high. While selling the products he meets Mandira (Kajol) in a beauty parlour and she buys all his products. Rizwan likes Mandira a lot and keeps telling her to marry him. In the process, Mandira also falls for him and he shows her places she has never seen before. Mandira is a widow and has a son named Sameer. He goes to school and has his neighbor as his best friend.
But after the 9/11, world trade centre tragedy and after Iraq war, people had developed many prejudices and attitudes towards Muslims. Every American started hating them. They were the usual suspects. Mandira marries Rizwan and she changes her name. She becomes Mandira Khan and her son Sameer Khan. She even keeps the shop name as Mandira Khan Beauty Parlour. But the people of America resent this because it is a Muslim name. Therefore, even Sammeer faces lot of problems at school. He is bullied by his classmates. Once he gets into a fight and this result in his tragedy. He is murdered by his fellow classmates. And soon he is admitted to the hospital but doctors leave hopes on him. He dies and there are no witnesses for his murder. Mandira has a fight with Rizwan. She resents marrying him and having been changed her name. She tells him to leave her alone, and she insists on telling him to go to the president and tell that his name is Khan and that he is not a terrorist. So Rizwan leaves the place and goes on to meet the president of America (US).
Meantime even Georgia was hit by a flood due to which lot of people died and Rizwan starts helping them. Fortunately, there are two media people who are interested in covering his story as he is arrested for no reason. In the end, Rizwan meets the president and tells him that “My Name is Khan and I’m not a terrorist”. Mandira also gets back to him due to the publicity he got in television news. She is very happy. The obnoxious boys confess that they were responsible for Sameer’s death. Finally, Sameer gets justice. They become one again and also help the flood affected people in Georgia.
Psychological Analysis: Rizwan Khan suffers from Asperger’s syndrome. Loud noises make him nervous, the colour yellow freaks him out and he is unable to express his emotions clearly. His cognitive skills are good. He learns quickly and fixes broken things. He gets upset very easily and acts weird. He is very sensitive to noise or sounds.
Social Message: this movie provides a social message that we should respect all people of all religions and do not go by prejudices or stereotypes. Also in this film, Rizwan Khan marries Mandira which means the film tries to convey here that marriage is possible with the people suffering from mental disorders. They too are human beings and they too have feelings like us. Also there is message which is very evident in the film and it says that people with such mental disorders should be treated very well and they should be supported for whatever they do with their abilities. Not to forget the racism, this is also brought out in this film very well. After watching this film, most of the people have changed their attitude which can be observed from the survey methods.
3.5 Origin and Recent developments in Indian popular films
According to K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake, in their book- Indian Popular Cinema: a narrative of cultural change, says that though Indians settled overseas regard their countries of settlement as home, they still consider India as their spiritual and cultural home. There are good reasons why Indian cinema should be studied and one of them is study Indian Culture through its culture-specific cinema. The book also says that India is the largest film-producing country in the world. It produces over 900 films annually. Cinema is the only medium which opens a most useful window onto a culture and studies its intimacy and immediacy. According to Raymond Williams, culture is way of life. By studying a culture we acquire deeper meaning of the customs, behavior patterns, values, arts and crafts and the practices of everyday life of the people inhabiting that culture. The caste system is invariably associated with India because of its origin in Hindu religion. This in turn has influenced other religious groups in India as well. One can enter the world of the caste system and how it operates through the help of the film medium. This can be seen in the films like ‘The untouchable girl’ (Achut Kanya).
Deeper insight into the concepts like modernization, colonialism, nationalism and freedom for women can be acquired through Indian films. Moreover, the portrayal of women in Indian films in an interesting area of study and has been explored by number of feminist writer.
The author says that cinema not only reflects culture but it also shapes culture. Moreover, films have promoted aspects like modernization, westernization, urbanization, new ways of life, secularism, the emancipation of women and rights of minorities and relationship between Hindus and Muslims. Even magazines like stardust, filmfare, have generated discussion and influenced public opinion on issues like drugs and violence. Indian and western filmmakers have made films that studies India contrastively from a different and distinct angle of vision. Compared to the genres in western films, Indian filmmakers have created genres and styles that are distinctively their own, says the book. Today the film is the dominant form of entertainment in India. Through films we can see how others in their society live and we can examine our own culture.
The book gives the historical development of Indian Cinema. It says that after Lumiere brothers introduced cinematography in Paris in 1895, cinema also made its presence felt in India. Westerners made films in India using Indian scenery and culture, in films like Coconut Fair (1897), our Indian Empire (1897), A panorama of Indian Scenes and Procession (1898). Soon Indians entered into the domain of film-making. Harishchandra S. Bhatvadekhar, popularly known as Save Dada was the first Indian to make a film. His interests led him to make the first film called ‘The Wrestlers’ in 1899. After him followed F.B. Thanawala, who made his debut in 1900 with two of his films i.e. Splendid New View of Bombay (1900) and Taboot Procession (1900). In 1905, J.F. Madan, went on to establish the Elphinstone Bioscope Company in Calcutta. With this imported foreign actresses to act Indian Mythologies and folk tales, as Indian females were hesitant to expose themselves in front of the camera. By this time Indians were exposed to lot of western films like Vendetta, whirling the worlds, The Great Train Robbery, Don Jaun, and Uncle Tom’s Cabin and so on. Dhundiraj Govind Palke was influenced by film entitled Life of Christ. This made him bring out the 50 minute film ‘Raja Harishchandra’ released on May 3, 1913. This film was considered to be the first feature film by an Indian. Films made during the initial stage were inspired by the two celebrated epics- the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha. An example for this is ‘Keechaka Vadham’ (1917), which was the first feature film made in the south based on the Mahabharata. Only in 1931 the first Indian talkie: ‘Alam Ara’ was released. This film inspired many other directors to come. The 1950’s is known as the golden age of Indian popular cinema because of Satyajit Ray’s films like ‘Pather Panchali’, ‘Aparajito’ and ‘Apu sansar’ were released during this time and considered as the masterpieces of world cinema. Moreover, ‘Sant Tukaram’ was awarded with the best film of the year in the fifth international film exhibition at Venice in 1937. It got the first International Award and winner of Indian talkie.
The authors go on to make a distinction between Popular and artistic films. They say that the popular films are those which are seen and appreciated by the vast mass of Indian movie-goers. They convey simple clear moral messages and are largely melodramatic and musical in nature and form as mass entertainment whereas, artistic films are those which constitute only ten percent of the total output. They are realistic, seldom influenced by Neo-realism, and seek to capture a part of Indian reality. These kinds of films are shown at international film festivals in Paris, London, Berlin, Venice, Tokyo and Toronto. Internationally acclaimed Indian filmmakers like Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, Adoor Gopalkrishnan work in the artistic tradition. These two streams of filmmaking have their distinctions in terms of theme, style and techniques. It is in the popular films we see the ‘Indianness’ of Indian Cinema. With their unique combination of fantasy, action, song, dance and spectacle, these films constitute a distinctively Indian form of mass entertainment. Indian popular cinema has unique number of genres. The most significant among them are: Mythological films which narrate the ancient stories; devotional films that foreground the diverse forms of union with divinity; romantic films that deal with erotic passion as they confront social conventions; stunt films where the focus is on the action and physicality; historical films with fanciful costumes and stage settings; social films that explore social problems and issues and family melodramas that seek to explore tension and ups and downs within the matrix of the family. Popular films have played a vital role in creating in the minds of the public mind about the notions of heroism, duty, courage, modernity, consumption and glamour. Characters like hero, heroine, villain, comic are commonly found in Indian Cinema as well as in the popular cinema. The concept of evil is the central part of the Indian popular cinema. There is always a struggle between the good and the evil. They also say that Indian popular cinema means Hindi films produced in Bombay and known as ‘Bombay Films’ or even ‘Bollywood’.
The book says that the Artistic films are those which differ widely from popular films. They are realistic and seek to capture important aspects of Indian reality. The artistic films do not attract huge audience like the popular films do. They are usually low budget films and are screened at international film festivals. Often these films are made in regional languages and avoid glamour and vulgarity. The best example is the Satyajit Ray’s Apu trilogy. Some of the most popular artistic filmmakers are: Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Aravindan, Mani Kaul, Aparna Sen, Shyam Benegal, Vijaya Mehta, Ketan Mehta. This book also gives an insight into the traditional representations and economics of the film industry. Also the influence of religion in Indian films is very evident.
The relationship between cinema and society is brought through many films like the role of the family. Films like Mother India (1957), Deewar (1975) and Ram Lakhan (1989) have explored the role of mother. According to the book there are number of themes in the Indian films, they are: the family as a tradition and vulgarity. The film Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994) brings out the concept of joint family and also Indian culture and tradition. Sex and vulgarity has always been part and parcel of all popular cinemas. Scenes of Violence in the films had reached its peak with the film Sholay (1975), a film which has become a legend. This period saw the rise of Amitabh Bachchan as the ‘Angry young man’. This book also talks about the religion, ethnicity and caste in Indian cinema. Raj Kapoor’s Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978), focuses on the virtue of love, truth and beauty and makes a conscious effort to use religious ideas to enhance the story. Another excellent example is the film The Ritual (1977) by Girish kasaravalli, a Brahmanic ritual called ‘Ghattashraddha’, through which Brahmin widows were excommunicated, which simulates the rituals of death on a living person. This way Indian cinema has brought out films that are not religious but have religious concepts that organize the narrative. The representation of women in cinema is also described in this book. In traditional Indian society, women’s roles were mainly as daughter, wife and mother. According to the Manusmriti, a woman must not try to separate herself from her father, her husband and her sons. In society, a woman is subjected in childhood to her father, in youth to her husband and when her husband is dead, to her children. Nevertheless, this ideal wife should be sexually pure and essence of sexual fidelity. The book quotes Richards (1995) who says that the Hindi films uphold the ‘traditional patriarchal views of society which, fearful of female sexuality, demands of the women a subjugation of her desires (Indian Popular cinema, pg. 77). The opposite of the wife is the vamp, modern woman, she imitates western women, drinks, smokes, visits night clubs, falls in and out of love. She is mostly portrayed as a morally degrade person and is punished for her unacceptable behavior. Again Richards (1995), has identified some strategies to display the female form and female sexual desires: tribal dress, dream sequences or wet saris and behind the bush. They also speak about the representation of women by women film makers. The female directors like Prema Karanth, Aparna Sen, Vijaya Mehta, Sai Paranjpye, Parvati Ghash, Vijaya Nirmala, Suprabha Debi, Bhanumathi and Kalpana Lajmi have brought out the experiences, problems and hardships encountered by women, from the viewpoint of women. Moreover, the book speaks about the recent developments in Indian popular cinema. Since the book was published in the year 1998, it speaks about the recent developments post 1960’s. It also brings out the details in the political, social and economic situation in India during the 1970’s and 1980’s. These films had new heroes and heroines. Also during the 1980’s and 1990’s, addition to ‘lady avengers’, there is explicit violence and vengeance by male stars in a number of films released. The villainy itself had changed. The book also speaks of the popular regional films in Kannada like Bhaktha Dhruva (1932), Samskara (1970); in Malayalam like Elippathayam (1981), in Tamil like Chandralekha (1948); in Telugu like Rangula Kala (1983); in Marathi like Samna (1975) and in Bengali 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981).
The book concludes saying that only a few Indian films will be box-office hits and endear themselves to the audience. Indian cinema has been shaped by the country’s political, socially and economically the India of the next century will be very different. By watching these films we can explore them sensitively and attain deeper understanding of Indian culture, its history, politics and values. Moreover we can learn to appreciate films with enhanced critical understanding. Also we can understand Indian society and culture better through comparisons and contrasts, the society and the culture we live in.
3.6 Portrayal of mental disorders in films:
Hollywood films have explored the concept of mental disorders in their films. Take for example, Rain Man (1988), this movie show the life of an autistic man (Dustin Hoffman). How he lives his day to day life, what things he does, what kind of symptoms shown and so on. Another film based on the true life of John Nash (Russell Crowe) who is a genius mathematician and noble prize winner but suffers from Schizophrenia in the film ‘The beautiful mind’. In the same way, there are other films like Momentum, Girl Interrupted and so on. Films often go beyond the extreme of entertainment and become a powerful medium to sensitize people regarding the special people in our society and how importance should be given to them. In the book, ‘Mad tales from bollywood: portrayal of mental illness in conventional Hindi cinema’ by Dinesh Bhugra says that the themes like psychopathy have characterized the films in the 1990’s. He reveals the culture’s approach towards mental illness and reflecting the impact of culture on films. Dr Dinesh Bhugra had chosen 12 films for his study and he found that at least one key character with some degree of mental disorder was found, this is context with Hollywood films. He adds that in most films, psychosis is poorly defined, with people shown hearing and responding to voices. Moreover, it is not the interpretation of the film maker instead it is the interpretation of the authors of popular novels. He says that it will be interesting to see how these authors got their ideas about the mental illness. In other articles, Dr Dinesh Bhugra says that films portray mental illness and mental health problem in a variety of ways. This in fact will be a great source for the medical students and psychiatric trainees about certain aspects about psychiatry. Bhugra exclaims that watching a film is useful when learning about mental state examination, how to reach a diagnosis, doctor patient interaction and personality disorder. This is even true when it comes to getting awareness about the disorder and about its symptoms and so on.
Films do depict reality but most of it escapism (flight from reality). To support the argument that films portray reality, Bhugra says that, films can offer realistic depictions of character styles and psychopathologic disorders as well as personal and family dynamics, with sub texts alluding to the prevailing social norms. The advantage of using films for teaching is that they are well produced, interesting and lively, and there are no concerns over confidentiality. Moreover, he goes on to say that the disadvantage of using films can be the distortion and stigmatizing portrayal of mental illness. Films can be used in teaching different subjects, including psychology, developmental psychopathology and individual and couple therapy. He also says that mental illness was been as caused by failure in love, stress or traumatic event. One of the online new reports says that when it comes to recent trends in bollywood film, they say after physical disability, the focus now is on the mentally challenged. Priyanka khanna, the reporter quotes a trade observer who says that “after a spate of movies featuring roles of physically challenged people, including ‘Black’ and ‘Iqbal’ on one hand and slapsticks like ‘Pyarre Mohan’ and ‘Tom, Dick and Harry’ on the other, Mumbai dream merchants now seem to be focusing on tales of the mentally challenged”.
3.7 About Asperger’s syndrome and mental disorders
The book Abnormal psychology by Barlow and Durant says that autism is a type of Pervasive developmental Disorder. They are a group of severely disabling conditions considered to be among the most difficult to treat and understand. They are a result of some structural differences in the brain that are usually evident at birth or become apparent as the child begins to develop. Asperger’s disorder is a type of a pervasive developmental disorder. According to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-IV (DSM-IV) or ICD-10 (the International classification of Disease published by the World Health Organization), has given the criteria for this disorder. It has been covered by DSM-IV which says that it indicates severe and sustained impairment in social interaction that involves marked stereotypic i.e. repetitive behavior and inflexible observance to routines. Autism is the most frequent and most puzzling and disabling of the pervasive developmental disorders. It includes a wide range of problematic behaviors, including deficits in language, perceptual and motor developments and an inability to function in social situations. Kanner (1943) first described Autism in infancy and childhood. It is identified before a child is 30 months of age and may also be suspected in the early weeks of life. The book says that a recent study shows that autistic behavior such as lack of empathy, attention to others, and ability to imitate is shown as early as 20 months.
The clinical picture in Autism Disorder:
A Social Deficit: typically these autistic children do not show any need for affection or personal contact with anyone, usually not even seem to know or care who their parents are. These children express emotions as against the traditional description of the disorder that they lack emotional reaction. Numerous studies show that the lack of social interaction among autistic children is a common characteristic.
An absence of speech: another characteristic is the lack of or severely restricted use of speech. Though speech is very limited, speech is present, but only in the form of few words or by the use of echolalia- the parrot like repetition of a few words. Although echolalia is found in small degrees in normal children, with autistic it is persistent echolalia in about 75 per cent of autistic children. Research has found that the autistic children have language skills but they may not use it to express themselves as other children do. Moreover, they have s strong hatred towards auditory stimuli, crying even at the sound of a parent’s voice. The degree of pattern differs, they may severely agitate or panic by a very soft sound and at another time is totally oblivion to the loud noise.
Self-stimulation: this is another characteristic of autistic children. Repetitive movements such as head banging, spinning and rocking, may continue by the hour, which is bizarre.
Intellectual ability: in contrast to their behavior, autistics are skilled at fitting objects together. Their performance in puzzle or form boards may be average or above. Although some have regarded autistics to have potentials of normal intelligence, this view has been challenged by a number of investigators who consider most of these children to be mentally challenged. However, some autistic children show isolated abilities such as astounding memory capabilities. For instance, Dustin Hoffman’s portrayal of Raymond Babbitt, a man with autism in the movie, Rain Man. Recent studies have focused on the cognitive deficit of autistic children. Compared to other groups of children on cognitive skills, autistic children often show marked impairment. These children appear to have deficits in social reasoning but can manipulate objects.
Maintaining sameness: another unique characteristic is their preoccupation with and form strong attachments to unusual objects, such as rocks, light switches, film negatives or keys. Furthermore, their obsession with the maintenance of sameness is typically present. They are often regarded as negativistic because of their disobeying with requests.
Causal factors in Autism:
The precise cause of autism is not known. Evidence has shown that the defective genes or damage from radiation or other conditions during prenatal development may play a significant role for the real cause of this disorder. Some investigators have pointed out the existence of a possible genetic defect, a fragile site on the X chromosome, referred to as the fragile X syndrome that may occur among 8 per cent of the autistic males. In addition, 15 to 20 per cent of males with the fragile X syndrome are also diagnosed with autism, further suggesting a link between the two syndromes. Moreover, there are differences between autism and the fragile X syndrome, which suggest that there are qualitative differences between the two. Recent investigators believe that autism begins with some type of inborn defect that impairs an infant’s perceptual cognitive functioning-the ability to process incoming stimuli and to relate to the world. Socio cultural factors have also been postulated as causal elements in autism.
Treatments and outcomes:
In the past, the use of drug to treat autistic children has not proven effective. But the drug clomipramine has proven to be beneficial and effective. Moreover, behavior therapy in an institution setting has been used successfully in the elimination of self-injurious behavior, also the mastery over the fundamentals of social behavior and the developments of language skills. Parents of autistic children often find themselves in the extremely frustrating situation of trying to understand their autistic child, providing day to day and searching for possible educational resources for their child in the present health and educational environment.
3.8 Conclusion
Reading the above books and material, they give an idea of firstly what Bollywood films are and its origin. The material also elucidates the themes used in Indian films like role of family, vulgarity, caste system, women, religion and so on. They also gave the reason why Bollywood films have become a brand today. Also it helped to get the overview of the popular and artistic films. Moreover, the secondary data helped in the understanding of the disorder, autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Nevertheless, it gave the criteria for the disorder and the clinical perspectives and the treatments and therapies practiced widely.
