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Careers in journalism - Devishree

                                     Careers in journalism

                The number of students opting for journalism career has been increasing in these days. Many students choose journalism because they like to write and a few thinks journalism is an interesting and a challenging job. With the growing importance of journalism, the opportunities are also numerously increasing. Journalism courses are provided for both Under Graduation and Post Graduation  level students.

                The media is divided into two categories Print Media and Electronic Media. Print media consists of newspaper, magazine, journals, and tabloids. Electronic media consists of television, radio and web.

                Print media or print journalism consists of various career options like associate editor, sub editor, editor, proof reader, reporter, feature writer, columnist, critic, photojournalist and cartoonist. One should posses a good writing skill to work in the print media. The reporter or the editor should always have nose for news. That mean he or she should always be attentive and alert.

The television media ensures that public gets the accurate information about what is happening in the world in remarkable speed.         This area also consists of several different options like researchers, production workers, floor mangers, reporters, sound technicians, camera workers and anchors. Good communication skill is very important for television reporter. The reporter should have command over the language and leadership ability.

Internet is one of the fastest sources of information. Online journalism is one of the fastest and up to date medium of journalism. Web journalism is another medium where editing and presentation skill is very important because wed users just go through the news and not read them completely.

                Among these mediums students prefer electronic media has their choice because its often told that newspaper pay low salary and bad working hour where as in electronic media people notice you since it as a wide reach one gets vast exposure. Free lance is yet another option mostly preferred since they think has a freelancer one will be able to seat at their own place and write on topic of their choice. 

To be a successful journalist one should have a presentable and confident personality. The ability to think and write is very important.

                The questioning skill, good writing, good communication skills, the ability to differentiate between the fact and tact are essential. General knowledge, interest in current affairs is also equally important. One of the basic requirements is to have a capability of working in difficult condition if necessary and must have high sense of tolerance.

Devishree Shetty

                                           I  MCMS

Letter to the Editor - Dona

Letter to editor 

Sir,

We keep hearing about many deaths in the beaches of Mangalore during rainy season. Many of them are students from other states. It is indeed sad and the numbers of people who die like this is increasing year after year. There needs to be some kind of an analysis on this issue. If there are more strict rules and regulations in order to prevent the people from going near the sea, the number of such deaths can be reduced. The best way to put this idea into practice is to appoint security officers and life guards in all beaches especially the tourist spots in Mangalore. Many students come from other states are not aware of the violent nature of the sea during the rainy season. I think it is our duty to save the life of these people. I hope this letter will be published in your newspaper so that the issue will be discussed by the people as well as the authorities.

Yours faithfully

 Done George

MCMS

St. Aloysius College

Mangalore.

Anna Hazare : new mantra against corruption.

Anna Hazare : new mantra against corruption.

Single person led fight, based on the principle of ahimsa against corruption has changed to a mass movement. In fact this is one of greatest mass movement our country witnessed after freedom struggle. This can be considered as a true Gandhian fight to make the country free from corruption. Quite interestingly, Hazare could gain strong support from people of our country and very soon it took form of the mass movement. Such solid supporters have not been on any issue in the recent past. When the whole country is working together to eradicate corruption, we should make sure that the agents of the corruption are not confined in the safe hands. But at the same time we should also be sure about the fact that the movement is taking in the right direction. Battle against corruption, whether it is a single person led movement or a mass movement, is a challenging mission we are undertaking. It becomes a difficult process to release a country from corruption, which is rooted in corruption. Now we have students talking part enthusiastically and people coming out of their home in a very large number to show their solidarity against corruption. But, we have forgotten our responsibility here. We are ignorant about the individual involvement in corruption. Before being aggressive towards corruption, we should make an individual effort to stay away from corruption and there by being part of the mass movement and dreaming a corruption free India. Otherwise it becomes an ineffective attempt to eradicate corruption. So, rather than making it as an unfulfilled dream let us work together for a lokpll bill.

THE SMURFS (2011) - Tanya

THE SMURFS (2011)

Duration: 103mins

Generals: animation / comedy

Mystical beings have always fascinated us all. The film directed by Raja Gosnell, is about blue magical creature that are three apples high. They live in their own magical land but when the evil wiraed Gargamel chases them out of theirtiny village of over sired mushrooms, they tumble straight into central park. On their quest to escape gargamel and to find their home, they encounter a human compel, staring Neil Patlick Harris and Jayman Mays.

The story follows with how the Smurfs get attracted to the human and teach them how to sing their troubles away. Every Smurfs has a personality of his own and are named accordingly. The film gives a strong message of how important it is to be ourselves and to realize that no one else can play our role better then us.

Through very well done animation and extremely well written witty dialogues, the film is full of humor, emotions and important lesson for life. A piece worth watching…

  Tanya

  I MCMS

LETTER TO EDITOR - Prisca

LETTER TO EDITOR

Dear Editor,

Here I am to bring to all the saddened story of our present.I need not do so as people are concerned about corruption and it is evident as rebellion leaders have gained support that has been unprecedented. Anna Hazare and Ramdev Baba are fighting against corruption and we should also tackle a problem that looks like a mountain so as to ensure the development of India. The Indian government is trying to lock this whole issue but it should be kept alive till it ends with a suitable decision in favour of Lokpal Bill. The corruption is increasing to such a level that India has been marked among the top 20 corrupt countries in the world, which some sarcastically comment that `we are somewhere’. It is great to see that people of India have a good sense of humor but it is representing here the negative part of India which is very ugly. 2G spectrum, commonwealth games etc have made a large loss to India which could have served a large numder of Indias Roti, Kapada aur Makan. Indian government is not taking this as a serious issue and when they are asked about this, their answers are always cramped statements. Problems before the Government, is not just about corruption but also others like increasing inflammation, rise in petrol prices, poverty and some other. But they have failed; they can solve this as we have different ministers looking after each of the issues. This letter is not to instigate the feelings of readers, but to tell all the people that how necessary is to remove corruption from India and everyone thinks of it. Other issues are different but this corruption which is a termite for India and the family members and everyone is sleeping as if everything is fine. This black money which can help Indian in other sectors necessary for development is being used to develop the business, owners and other parts. It’s an appeal to all the Indians please don’t sleep now, don’t close your eyes deliberately, this is the right time to wake up and fight against corruption and corrupt people who are assigned as the ruler to stop corruption. Everyone has to be get ready to end corruption otherwise it will end all of us someday. Some woke up Indians have moved the chairs of corrupt people and this is the time for others to wake up give their best to remove corruption from India completely.

Personality development - It’s all about treating yourself well…

                

Personality development

It’s all about treating yourself well…  

Personality Development quintessentially means enhancing and grooming one’s outer and inner self to bring about a positive change to your life. Each individual has a distinct persona that can be developed, polished and refined. This process includes boosting one’s confidence, improving communication and language speaking abilities, widening ones scope of knowledge, developing certain hobbies or skills, learning fine etiquettes and manners, adding style and grace to the way one looks, talks and walks and overall gulping oneself with positivity, liveliness and peace.

                 In your daily life you would meet many persons whom you say that they are not fit in the field where they are working. Every person has special interests and talents and if he/she is doing the same job which is according to his/her talent and personality interests they would perform very well in that field. For this purpose you have to discover your talent.The whole process of this development takes place over a period of time.

                Even though there are many crash courses in personality development that are made available these days, implementing this to your routine and bringing about a positive change in oneself takes a considerable amount of time. It is not necessary to join a personality development course, one can take a few tips and develop his or her own aura or charm.

      You may have heard this a million times “Think Positive” but it works. Smile, and smile some more. It adds to your face value and to your personality as well. Read a few articles in the newspaper loudly. This will help in communicating fluently.Follow table manners and dining etiquettes.Take good care of your health, dress well, be neat and organized. Prepare a chart that mentions your strengths.

           Sharolin  Aphia

                       I MCMS

BOOK REVIEW: THE ALCHEMIST

BOOK REVIEW: THE ALCHEMIST

Author: Paulo Coelho

Title: The Alchemist

From the renowned author Paulo Coelho comes to you yet another novel “The Alchemist”, which evokes self introspection and gushing emotions that makes it a masterpiece. A story of a boy who’s fancy `material world’ exposes a journey of the real world.

The Alchemist tells us how to change lead into gold, the art of living the moment without worrying about the past or future, how to interact with nature and become one with our soul and the ultimate secret of the universe that we are all interconnected - we are all one. It opens the door for a whole new world of spirituality.

What is liked about the book is that it teaches the art of living our life, living each and every moment without getting drowned in the past and faces challenges as a part of our day to day lives and accepts failures with dignity. It’s like we get something new to learn with the turn of every page.

We all have goals in life and heading towards it with eyes blind folded, it does not serve the very purpose of life, we need to remove the blindfolds and enjoy step we take towards achieving it as it is a second encounter with god and destiny. It is not the destination but the journey that counts.

Ever Changing Fashion

EVER CHANGING FASHION

Fashion is a term commonly used to describe a style of clothes worn by most of the people of the country. Fashion changes from time to time and it usually remains popular for a certain period of time, say around a year or two and then a new fashion emerges and people stick on to it for a certain while.  It is inherent in human nature to adore changes the world is a place of constant change what seems to be in the highest place of modern fashion today may cease to exist tomorrow.

It is just impossible to catch up with fashion. People use fashion to present themselves to the public eye. What they wear is the image of what they want the world to see. Fashion occupies its place every where may it be the work place, school, college, home, outing, place of worship, in all these place a particular trend of clothing fashion is followed.

Fashion is a form of expression. By the time you manage to buy a skin fit ican and skirt they have gone out of fashion. Tight dresses for girls are no more in magazines. Look clothing and pullover are becoming popular once again. The same is true about hairstyles.

Fashions are never standardized. New trends are set up by film and movie stars and the tailor lose no time to copy film designs. Young generation seem to be crazy about fashion. Love or hate fashion is one thing which you can never ignore.

Music and my world

MUSIC AND MY WORLD

“Without music, life would be a mistake”- Friedrich Nietzsche

Music is a very colorful thread woven into the entire fabric of our lives. Soon after birth we hear our first melodies as our mothers hum soothing lullabies to help us sleep. The word MUSIC is derived from the Greek word Mousike; "art of the Muses”. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of Music vary according to ones culture, social and individual taste. Music is a form of art that involves organized and audible sounds and silence. It is normally expressed in terms of pitch, rhythm, and the quality of sound. When we refer it to the Biblical context, “Music is a gift from God, through which one can praise and honour the Creator”. Music is made in tones (symbolized by musical notes) with definite pitches, different tones, played one after the other to constitute a melody.

As being  partly a Musician, I was born with music inside me. Music was one of my parts. Like my ribs, my kidneys, my liver, my heart. Like my blood. It was a force already within me when I arrived on the scene. It has become a necessity for me-like food or water and it is true that the beauty of Music lies in oneself. To me Music has become the “harmony of the sphere” and “Music to my ears”. Music has the real power to convey one message to the world. Through music one can express its feelings and emotions being without questions and Music can also be a medicine for the heart broken persons.  At first when one talks about Music the first thing that comes to peoples mind is that, “Music is just only meant for an entertainment”, but this thoughts should be remove from oneself and one should learn to listen to the melody and harmonious of the music as every songs carries a message on it. On the other side many people listen to Music for ones pleasure and some just to kill their time (according to ones mood or situation).

Music in today’s world has really exerted powerful influences on individuals and societies alike. As we can see that Music has brought a drastic change in the society in the field like; way of lifestyle, behaviour, fashion etc... But one should not be washed away by the influence of the bad Music. To many people in many cultures Music is an important part of their way of life (No Music, No Life). Listening to Music isn’t a bad thing! Heck, listening to Eric Martin (Mr. Big Vocal) and Harem Scarem isn't a bad thing! To be completely honest, I am a Rock Music lover and a huge fan of the two and have also witness the Live Concert of Mr. Big, which was really a Super fantastic. The important thing is just to make sure that you don't get too carried away with all of the junk they sing. You can appreciate a song without bad mouthing, and you can enjoy a tune without grinding! There are also different types of Music Genres where different people have different taste; Blues, Contemporary, Country, Country Pop & Rock, Electronic, Hip Hop & Rap, Jazz, Pop, Rhythm & Blues, Rock, Metal etc.. The existence of some modern-day genres such as Grindcore and Noise Music, which enjoy an extensive underground following, indicate that even the crudest noises can be considered Music if the listener is so inclined. Jimi Hendrix who is a well-known Musician once said “Music doesn't lie. If there is something to be changed in this world, then it can only happen through music.”

The most common way one becomes involved with music is through listening or attending a musical event. Listening at home on a CD player, or in the car, on the computer, or on in mobile phone can be a very personal and fulfilling experience. Music, as we know, sets a mood and a vibe as we hear it in lounges, parties, or other social events. Also, attending a concert is unique as it offers the excitement of hearing live musicians while providing the sound as it is meant to be heard (if it is acoustic music that is). Where else can one sit with other people, listen, and enjoy music in silence so that there are no distractions besides the music itself. Music can also stimulate the mind. One of the great things about music in general, and in particular concert music, is that playing it opens up a whole new world of experience that further enhances the mind, physical coordination, and expression. The Musicians and the Music lovers go ahead with your dreams, don’t stop or else you will miss the best part of it.

I don’t meant to make contradictions, but to make it clear to the Music Lovers that there is a good and bad Music. It doesn’t mean that one should only listen to a particular Music Genre alone; you have every right to choose, but make good decisions when it comes to influences from music, so that you and I are not being carried away by the bad influence of Western Music. Now, don't leave my blog thinking that music of the 21^st century is a terrible, terrible thing and that you will never listen to music again nor think you’re committing a crime! “MUSIC IS AMAZING”. I love music. I sing it, I dance to it, I express myself with it and today what I’m is all because “MUSIC IS WONDERFUL”. Just use it well, and for the right reasons!

Go nuclear think smatter….

Go nuclear think smatter….

For a large developing country like India with large population density, nuclear power will play an important role for sustainable supply of energy.

Nuclear power is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2010, India has 20 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,780 MW while 5 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,900 MW. India’s nuclear power industry is undergoing rapid expansion with plans to increase nuclear power output to 63,000 MW by 2032.

Only Nuclear Energy offers Emission free energy on the massive and expanding scale the world so urgently requires. Moreover nuclear energy is considered to be an environmentally benign source of energy. India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors. 14 reactors will be put under the India Specific Safeguards Agreement by 2014.

Looking at the importance of nuclear energy to effectively bridge the energy gap for India, Nuclear Energy will provide India a valuable future.

Coal provides 68% of the electricity at present, but reserves are limited. Gas provides 8%, hydro 14%. The per capita electricity consumption figure is expected to double by 2020, with 6.3% annual growth, and reach 5000-6000 kWh by 2050.

As a result, India's nuclear power program has proceeded largely without fuel or technological assistance from other countries. Its power reactors to the mid 1990s had some of the world's lowest capacity factors, reflecting the technical difficulties of the country's isolation, but rose impressively from 60% in 1995 to 85% in 2001-02.  Then in 2008-10 the load factors dropped due to shortage of uranium fuel.
 

The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is responsible for design, construction, commissioning and operation of thermal nuclear power plants.  At the start of 2010 it said it had enough cash on hand for 10,000 MWe of new plant. Its funding model is 70% equity and 30% debt financing. However, it is aiming to involve other public sector and private corporations in future nuclear power expansion, notably National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).  NTPC is largely government-owned, and the 1962 Atomic Energy Act prohibits private control of nuclear power generation, though it allows minority investment. As of late 2010 the government had no intention of changing this to allow greater private equity in nuclear plants.
The main advantage of this type of power has over other methods is that it is a clean way to produce energy as it does not result in the emission of any of the poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide.

The nuclear waste which occurs due to the production of nuclear power is not only small in quantity but also remains confined so as not to affect anyone in its surroundings. It has been proved that if a typical family of four uses nuclear power for all its needs then the waste produced over a period of a lifetime would be as small as a golf ball.

The source of nuclear power is uranium and this is available in abundance in the crust of the earth with major deposits being covered in Canada and Australia. Therefore, since the source of nuclear power is readily available now and also for centuries to come, this form of power is virtually inexhaustible.

The biggest fear associated with nuclear power is the fear of radiation and this can only be overcome by educating the people about the method of radiation and its behavior. People would be surprised to know that radiation has been a part of our environment ever since its existence and that radiation in moderate amounts can even be advantageous to our health. Therefore, radiation need not be feared from but can be channeled appropriately to serve mankind in positive way. It is good, scientific as well as environment friendly because of which it is being supported by many ecological organizations and environmentalists who were previously biased against it.

Wilma - Research Methodology

CHAPTER - III

RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction:

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research design, the procedures that were followed, the subjects of the study, the instruments that were developed for data collection, and the methods for data analysis.

3.2 Objectives:

The objectives are listed below:

·         To know in depth the role of Social Networking Sites in the society.

·         To analyze the changing scenario of the world caused by the Social Networking Sites.

·         .To highlight the role played by the social networks in bringing a revolution in the history of Egypt and the coverage of newspapers on this issue.

·         To create awareness about the uses of Social Networking Sites.

3.3 What is Research?

Research is nothing but knowledge. It is a scientific and systematic search for related and relevant information on particular topics.

The Encarta dictionary lays down the meaning of research as: “Organized study: methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, to establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered”.[1]

3. 4 What is Research Methodology?

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. Here, the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with the logic behind them are studied.

3.5 Types of Research:

According to Kothari, 2005 the basic types of research are as follows:

3.5.1 Descriptive vs. analytical research

Descriptive research involves survey and fact-finding enquiries of various kinds.

Analytical research deals with the use of already available facts and information and the researcher analyzes these to make critical evaluation of the material.

3.5.2 Applied vs. fundamental research

Applied research works towards finding a solution for the problems faced by society or an industrial/business organization.

Fundamental research is mainly concerned with the generalization or categorization and with the formulation of a theory.

3.5.3 Quantitative vs. qualitative research

Quantitative research deals with the measurement of quantity or amount. Here the data is expressed in terms of quantity.

Qualitative research works towards finding out the underlying motives and desires through in depth interview.

3.5.4 Conceptual vs. empirical research

Conceptual research deals with the abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

Empirical research relies on experience or observation. Through observation a lot is learnt.

3.6 Documentary Research (Content Analysis):

Content analysis is a methodology of a research that is used to study the content of communication that is documented in some form or the other. This chapter outlined the design of the study, the research methodologies selected and the specific procedure is Content analysis which includes Documentary Research. The content analysis, analyzed the content of communication in the Selected Newspapers such as news stories, essay and articles, analysis and editorials.

In this thesis, the researcher has followed the Documentary analysis. Social research is conducted to find an answer to or explanation regarding any social phenomenon. So the work begins with the collection of data related to such social phenomena which is used as the major topic for research. Throughout the data finding the researcher gets into the topic and gains in depth knowledge about the research. Usually social surveys, in-depth interviews and participant observation are the main procedure undertaken in social science research. Through social science research, the researcher tries to find out the facts and figures related to the topic of coverage and this result in a good analysis which will be the final output of research method.

The documentary research method is cost effective compared to social surveys, in-depth interviews or participant observation. The documentary research methods refer to the analysis of documents that contain information about the phenomenon which the researcher wishes to study.

Payne and Payne (2004) describe the documentary method as the techniques used to categorize, investigate, interpret and identify the limitations.[2]

The documentary research in social science is a useful approach that can be adopted by researchers in full confidence. Because when it is social science there are a lot of available documents through which the researcher can find the varied facts and figures about the data. Documents are produced by individuals and groups in the course of their everyday practices and they are referred in their regular needs. Documents are written for different purposes and are used on a daily basis.

There are two types of documents that are used in documentary study, namely primary documents and secondary documents. Primary documents deal with eye-witness accounts produced by people who has experienced the particular event or has been a part of the event. On the other hand secondary documents are documents produced by people who were not present during the course of the event but who received eye-witness accounts to compile the documents, or have read eye-witness accounts.

Documents range from public through private to personal documents. The list of public document sources include government publications such as Acts of Parliament, policy statements, census reports, statistical bulletins, reports of commissions of inquiry, ministerial or departmental annual reports, consultancy reports, etc. Private documents often emanate from civil society organizations such as private sector businesses, trade unions and non-governmental organisations, as well of course from private individuals. They include minutes of meetings, board resolutions, advertisements, invoices, personnel records, training manuals, interdepartmental memos and other annual reports, etc. The list of personal documents include household account books, photo albums, address books, medical records, suicides notes, diaries, personal letters, etc.

3.7 Significance of the Study:

The study tries to explore the role of Social Networking Sites in bringing a revolution in Egypt and the coverage of newspapers on this issue. This study highlights the role of and their contribution in changing the condition of the society. Here the researcher has tried to analyze different news stories and researched articles on this issue and has analyzed the effectiveness of Social Networking Site in the present scenario.

3.8 Method of Study:

Social Networking Sites have been in the lime light, on and off, for the good, bad and ugly reasons. Evidently, much of the studies have gone into online social networking, as compared to other streams of communication. An attempt to study how have Social Networking Sites and services, have been consuming space in human life, especially among young adults has been done to understand the not so obvious reasons for an obvious phenomena. These Social Networking Sites have gained popularity for one simple reason, the ability to share, with others, information about yourself your interests, your hobbies, your thoughts and feelings or anything you choose.

The effectively used medium today has brought about a revolution in Egypt and has proved its strength and uniqueness in bringing the change in the society. Here the researcher has analyzed four English newspapers (Times of India, Deccan Herald, The New Indian Express and The Hindu) write ups and news stories. The main purpose of this analysis is to show how Social Networking Sites have contributed in the social development and its impact on the society especially in Egypt.

3.9 Presentation of the Content Analysis

The data of the content analysis was analysed to identify the three different themes emerging out of it i.e. Positive, Negative, Neutral and Others perspective in the “Selected Newspapers.” The available data was then quantified with numerals in then represented in the graphs such as the pie chart and bar graphs.

3.9.1 Positive

It means that the Selected Newspapers explain the progress of the Egyptian uprising through Social Networking Sites and highlights the role of Social Networking Sites by publishing news stories, essay and articles, analysis and editorials.

3.9.2 Negative

It means that the news article narrates the story by publishing unenthusiastic news stories, essay and articles, analysis and editorials about the Egyptian uprising through Social Networking Sites.

3.9.3 Neutral

It means that the news article has published news stories, essay and articles, analysis and editorials directly in relation to the Egyptian uprising through Social Networking Sites. It speaks about the direct outcome of the event. In other words the news is reported as it is without any opinion.

3.10 Operational Definition:

a) Social Networking:

A social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.

b) Websites:

A website is a depository of information destined for public or private use, usually residing in a remote server. When a computer terminal calls the website (using the HTTP or HTTPS protocol) the server responds by sending the information requested back to the user.

c) Uprising:

It is the popular revolt or a rebellion against a constituted government and its policies.

d) Revolution:

It is the fundamental change in political organization, or in a government or constitution; the overthrow or renunciation of one government, and the substitution of another, by the governed.

e) Facebook:

It is a social media, a database for social networking. It is used for communicating and staying in touch with people.

f) Twitter:

It is a social media where in which people keep updating about what they do and whereabouts of everything.

g) Mass Media:

Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies, including the Internet, television, newspapers, and radio, which are used for mass communications.

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[1] Encarta dictionary 2006

[2] Payne and Payne (2004)

Wilma Review of Literature

CHAPTER – II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction:

In this chapter, the researcher has reviewed the literature and researched articles which have helped her to go through the research and find the suitable methodology for the particular topic.

Social Networking once meant going to a social functions like family get-togethers, class reunions, festivals, social functions such as a cocktail party, conference, or business luncheon. Today, much Social Networking is achieved through Websites such as Facebook, Orkut, MySpace and Twitter.

Social Networking Services more often than not, have been accused of impacting an individual’s social and personal sphere in a number of ways, of which not all were positive. Also, the booming domain of online Social Networking Services, at the rate of its growth, has instigated scholarly research and attracted specialized studies about the same. Although, the fact that it impacts an individual’s life is accepted and agreed upon, but researchers have presented varied and vivid results from an array of studies carried out in the recent past. Due to some startling observations made by researchers in the past about the negative influences that were said to be observed in the youngsters addicted to online social networking, through websites like Orkut, Facebook, Twitter etc., the change in humanity’s regular communicating habits is apparent.

No wonder, they have been in lime light, on and off, for the good, bad and ugly reasons. Evidently, much of the studies have gone into online Social Networking, as compared to other streams of communication. An attempt to study how have the services, been consuming space in human life, especially among young adults has been done to understand the not so obvious reasons for an obvious phenomena.

Considering the dynamic nature of this contemporary media form, many news reports and articles were reviewed as they were the best way to get an idea about the latest developments in the field. Also, to understand what could have been a better place to study the Internet born phenomena, than the Internet itself. Thus, a lot of content available online was considered for the study. Also, existing journals and research papers were a major knowledge base to provide inputs for the study.

2.2 The Network in the Garden: An Empirical Analysis of Social Media in Rural Life:

Eric Gilbert, Karrie Karahalios and Christian Sandvig

In the literature review chapter, the researcher has analyzed and reviewed a researched article published from the Department of Computer Science and Speech Communication, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The title of the research journal is “The Network in the Garden: An Empirical Analysis of Social Media in Rural Life” by Eric Gilbert, Karrie Karahalios and Christian Sandvig. In this article, the researchers have done a survey on the use of social media in rural areas of America specifically Facebook and My space.

They say that rural communities are famous for using technology in novel ways. When something is introduced to them they don’t readily accept it. It will take time for them to get used to the technology and be the regular user of the same technology. To address the gap between the urban and rural areas in using, this empirical paper has been designed by the researchers which helped investigating the behavioral differences between more than 3,000 rural and urban social media users. Using a data set collected from a broadly popular social network sites, the researchers analyzed users’ profiles, 340,000 online friendships and 200,000 interpersonal messages.

Using social capital theory, the researchers predict differences between rural and urban users and find strong evidence supporting their hypotheses. Namely, rural people articulate far fewer friends online, and those friends live much closer to home. The study results also indicated that the groups have substantially different gender distributions and use privacy features differently. Thus the researchers conclude by discussing design implications drawn from their findings; most importantly, designers should reconsider the binary friend-or-not model to allow for incremental trust-building.

To investigate the impact of rural life on social media, the researchers focused on MySpace.com, the most popular online social network site in the United States. According to the researchers, they offer different features to get close to the people from all over the world. The researchers study focuses on a broadly popular site that has always been open to everyone. So, in this research first the review of demographics of rural America has been done which says about the rural area as a town with less than 2,500 people in America. The social technology in rural America is well used as they are getting used to the new technology, says the study.

The study introduced the following hypotheses concerning rural and urban use:

H1: Rural users will have far fewer friends and comments than urban users.

H2: Females will account for a greater proportion of rural users than urban users.

H3: Rural users will set their profiles to private at higher rates than urban users.

H4: Rural users’ friends will live much closer than urban users’ friends.

H5: As compared to urban users, rural users’ distributions of friends will preference strong ties over weak ties. [1]

To test the hypotheses, the researchers sampled 2000 rural and 2000 urban MySpace users from 4000 different zip codes in the United States. The scripts were distributed online through My Space. The zip codes method helped the researchers to answer the fundamental question of their study without making the design in a complex way.  The study was made simpler by extracting the unused and orphaned accounts. After collecting 2000 rural and 2000 urban users, the researchers removed accounts that had never been used, resulting in a sample of 1,661 rural users and 1,721 urban users.

The study clearly shows that the rural users do not use social networks to find many friends far from home. The findings indicated that rural social networks span other rural areas, creating limited access to social capital and there is also political discourse through social media. This result was through surveys and interviews conducted in these rural areas with specific target groups. Thus, this finding has shown that the rural youth have access to Social Networking Site especially My Space and is used to the new technology. Their access to the social media is to build and expand their friendship with people from other part of the world. The study has proved that rural and urban people use social media in different ways for different purposes. 

2.3 Political communication and participation trend in the social media: Focus on the O1-S-O2-R model application:

Kweon, Sang-Hee and Kim, Wi-Geun

The third analysis is made on the researched paper by Kweon, Sang-Hee and Kim, Wi-Geun from the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea under the title “Political communication and participation trend in the social media: Focus on the O1-S-O2-R model application”. This paper explores political communication in the online social network space. This study was made to understand and know the factors affecting political participation on the internet. The target was male and female adults who were equal to or over the age of 19. A total of 861 respondents were considered for the final analysis to test the research questions.

The O1-S-O2-R model was applied on the data to conduct a research questions. Factors affecting awareness of politics on the internet and political act on the internet were empirically analyzed and described. The result proves that factors affecting the direct act of participation in politics through the internet are demographic that is they are depended on the geographical area and individual characteristics, purpose of political act on the internet, use of political websites and awareness of comments on the internet. Totally it speaks about the internet educated users who will be a part of political awareness through social media.

“The O1-S-O2-R (Orientation 1-Stimuli-Orientation 2-Response) model is one, wherein, complex orientations (O1 and O2) are added to the S-R (Stimulus-Response) model, a traditional psychological model (Bryant and Zillmann, 2002; Fukuyama, 2001). Predisposition 1 (orientation) of the recipient refers to the use of media or political inclination before the stimulus (S) and this includes demographic variables and the dependence of online users. Predisposition 2 (orientation 2), which appears after the use of the internet, pertains to the type, awareness and attitude of the political communication message through online activity. As a variable, R denotes the online political act. This model is very helpful in finding out the influence of personal orientation on the selection of political message and that of stimulus (S) on online political awareness (O2) as well as in determining the linear causal relation between political act variables (R).” [2]

Social Networking Sites have caused the revolutionary change in the form of new media throughout the public sphere and political structure. This study was carried out by the researchers to identify systematically the factors affecting political participation on the internet as an activity. The study by the researchers helped them to analyze the various means of political communication through internet. According to the O1-S-O2-R model, the activity of political participation on the internet as a response results from each causal relation of orientation, online activity and result orientation. Systematically, identifying the factors affecting political participation on the internet required checking the causal relation of the different factors.

The study was based on the following hypothesis:

“Hypothesis 1: In political participation on the internet, the predisposition of internet users affects their online activity.

Hypothesis 2: In political participation on the internet, the online activity of internet users affects their result orientation.

Hypothesis 3: In political participation on the internet, the result orientation of internet users affects their response.”[3]

The study was divided into four main groups like Predisposition, Online Activity, Result Orientation and Response

·         The predispositions for the survey on participation in politics through the internet were demographic characteristics, individual characteristics and extent of media use. The demographic characteristics included gender, age, educational attainment and family income.

·         To survey participation in politics through the internet, online activity consisted of the purpose of political act on the internet, use of political websites and online network activity.

·         The result orientation for measuring participation in politics through the Internet consisted of awareness of public opinion on the internet and awareness of comments on the internet.

·         The response included the direct participation and the use of media to involve themselves in political activity online.[4]

The study resulted showing online social networks can have enormous influence on different areas. In the field of politics in particular, the online communication and the use of social media provides a new online public sphere and gives awareness of political communication and activities. Individuals and online media are factors affecting the recipients' predisposition, political communication and participation. The change in the new structure derived from the findings of the survey. It showed influencing factors on political awareness and participation of the public is connected with the size of the social network media. It is also depended on the awareness and activity of individuals and political participants. In other words, this study empirically determined the use of media, network forming style, capital of political communication, social media and the type of activity of political community, and systematically analyzed, described and predicted the causal relation as to how they affect participation in politics and political capital.

2.4 New Media and Children: Internet content preferences of primary school children in Turkey:

The purpose behind doing this research is to show the use of internet in the world of children. As the technology develops and expands, computers and new media play a very significant role. The aim of this survey is to study the internet habits of 6-13 age groups of children. New media is the digital platform developed by computer technology and is widely used by all for different purposes.

The new media tools build bridges between old and new social images. They are the generator of popular culture. The new media is user friendly and is easy to access. Digital media influences everyday practices of human life in many ways. Now even children have involved themselves into online media for different purposes.

“According to the researchers the five fundamental factors which make the media new are modularity, quantity representation, variability, decoding and automation”. [5]

The survey included samples from Eastern Anatolia, South Eastern Anatolia, Marmara, and Aegean provinces. This survey has an investigative quality. The primary school children were asked to complete the questionnaire and the children belonged to 6-13 age groups of students. The survey aims to reveal the new media preference of the children. The questions were on children using internet and internet tools, demographical information of the participants, the variation of their internet content preference, their aims to use the internet, their ways of using the social and network sites in the internet and their rate of holding e-mail accounts and Social Networks. Students were randomly selected for the survey.

The questionnaire was applied to test the habits of children using internet and new media. Most of the questions were Yes/No questions as well as multiple choices. The questionnaire was pretested on sampling of 15 primary school children. Considering the results of the pretest, the necessary corrections were made and were finalized. The questionnaire had 19 questions. The data analysis is done through SPSS 10.0 programme. The data concerning internet usage of the

Children were processed by Chi Square test analysis method.

“The results of the field survey reveals: 61.9 % of children have internet access at home. In addition, 95.8 % of the children were internet users. 49.1 % of the children use internet to play games, 26 % of them to communicate with friends and only 6.0 % of the children use internet to do “homework”. [6]

 

2.5 New Media and Political Communication in Asia: A critical assessment of research on media and politics, 1988-2008:

Ven Hwei and Ran Wei

 

This study focuses on reviewing research on the interplay between new media and political communication in Asian societies. This study contains analyzed articles concerning media use in political arenas in Asian societies that were published in 11 leading communication journals between 1988 and 2008. Analysis reveal that articles were based on theories, and survey was the most frequently used method.

 

Through research, the researchers came up with certain frames to analyse the study and these frames helped them to come up with certain questions which will help them to focus deep into the different categories of the study. Through the literature review they found that survey and content analysis is the most commonly used methodology in all the researches related to media and politics.

 

A content analysis of 11 major communication journals was conducted by the researchers. Journal selection was based on whether a journal is indexed in Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and it should be through the 20 year time span from 1988 to 2008. Based on these consideration 11 selected journals were

·         Asian Journal of communication

·         International Journal of Public Opinion Research

·         Communication Research

·         Human Communication Research

·         Journal of Advertising

·         Journal of Advertising Research

·         Journal of Applied communication Research

·         Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media

·         Journal of communication

·         Journal and Mass Communication quarterly

·         Political communication

 

All issues published between 1988 and 2008 were examined. Only articles presenting research concerning new media and politics were included for analysis. The selected articles were coded into specific categories:

·         Research Paradigm

·         Use of Theory

·         Research Focus

·         Research Method Used

·         Authorship

 

 

 

 

 

Total of 34 articles dealing with new media and political communication were found in 11 selected journals during the period of 1988 to 2008. The study clearly indicated that the number of articles that take social science paradigm. It also shows the use of theory was common in new media. The methodology used was survey method. The study also reviewed that the Asian Communication Research attracts the attention of American Scholars. [7]

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[1] The Network in the Garden: An Empirical Analysis of Social Media in Rural Life: Eric Gilbert, Karrie Karahalios and Christian Sandvig, pg 3

[2] Journal of Media and Communication Studies Vol. 2(8), pp. 177, October 2010

[3] Journal of Media and Communication Studies Vol. 2(8), pp. 178, October 2010.

[4] Journal of Media and Communication Studies Vol. 2(8), pp. 179-181, October 2010.

[5] Manovich, 2001: 27-48

[6] New media and children: Internet content preference of primary school children in Turkey, PG 1

[7]  Asian Journal Of Communication, Vol 20, No 2, June 2010, 264-275